Heat Treatment & Temper Control
Thermal history is a primary material-state variable across steels, aluminum, titanium and superalloys.
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Materials Engineering · Category 02
Metals & Alloys
Ferrous and non-ferrous engineering alloys organized by chemistry, product form, heat treatment, microstructure, joining route, environment and qualification state—with dedicated coverage for steel, aluminum, titanium, superalloys and other critical metal families.
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WEB-MAT Phase 5.2 · CAT 02 review candidate · accepted CAT 01 family architecture
Metals & Alloys Engineering Gateways
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Steels & Stainless Steels
Carbon steels, HSLA, alloy steels, stainless, precipitation-hardening, maraging and tool-steel families organized by strength, toughness, corrosion, temperature and manufacturability.
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Aluminum Alloys
Wrought and cast aluminum families spanning non-heat-treatable and precipitation-hardenable systems for lightweight structures, thermal hardware, transportation and aerospace.
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Titanium Alloys
Commercially pure, alpha, alpha-beta and beta titanium families for high specific strength, corrosion resistance, fatigue performance and elevated-temperature aerospace or biomedical service.
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Nickel & Cobalt Superalloys
Nickel- and cobalt-base alloy families engineered for creep, oxidation, corrosion and strength retention in turbines, combustors, reactors and severe hot-section service.
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Copper & Conductive Alloys
High-conductivity copper, precipitation-strengthened copper alloys, copper-nickel and traditional brasses/bronzes for electrical, thermal, joining and corrosion-controlled service.
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Magnesium Alloys
Ultra-light wrought and cast magnesium families for transportation, housings, aerospace components and weight-critical structures where corrosion and flammability controls are explicit.
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Refractory Metals
Tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium and related alloys for extreme-temperature, vacuum, radiation, electrode, furnace and propulsion environments.
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Advanced / High-Entropy Alloys
High-entropy, medium-entropy and other compositionally complex alloy systems explored for combinations of strength, toughness, corrosion, radiation and elevated-temperature performance.
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Metals Engineering Matrix & Alloy Directory
Phase-5.2 qualitative architecture
| Alloy family | Representative families / grades | Core engineering functions | Processing / qualification focus |
|---|---|---|---|
| Steels & Stainless Steels | Low-carbon and medium-carbon steels; HSLA; Cr-Mo alloy steels; 304/316 austenitic stainless; 410/420 martensitic stainless; duplex stainless; 17-4PH; maraging and tool steels. | Load-bearing structures and pressure boundaries; Wear-, tool- and drivetrain components | Hot/cold rolling, forging, casting, normalizing, annealing, quench-and-temper, solution treatment/aging, welding, machining and surface treatment. |
| Aluminum Alloys | 1xxx commercially pure Al; 2xxx Al-Cu; 3xxx Al-Mn; 5xxx Al-Mg; 6xxx Al-Mg-Si; 7xxx Al-Zn-Mg(-Cu); Al-Li families; common casting alloys such as Al-Si-Mg and Al-Si-Cu. | Lightweight airframes, vehicles and structures; Heat sinks, enclosures and thermal spreaders | Rolling, extrusion, forging, casting, solution heat treatment, quenching, natural/artificial aging, welding/brazing, machining, anodizing and additive routes. |
| Titanium Alloys | Commercially pure Ti grades; alpha and near-alpha alloys; Ti-6Al-4V and other alpha-beta families; metastable beta alloys; high-temperature titanium families and titanium aluminide-adjacent systems. | Aerospace structures and rotating hardware; Corrosion-resistant chemical/process equipment | Forging, rolling, sheet forming, machining, vacuum heat treatment, solution treatment/aging, HIP, welding, additive manufacturing and surface finishing. |
| Nickel & Cobalt Superalloys | Solid-solution nickel alloys; precipitation-strengthened Ni-base superalloys such as 718-class systems; corrosion-resistant Ni-Cr-Mo families; cobalt-base wear/hot-corrosion alloys; wrought, cast and directionally solidified/single-crystal families. | Turbine disks, blades and combustor hardware; Reactor and high-temperature process components | Vacuum melting/remelting, forging, investment casting, solution treatment/aging, HIP, welding/brazing, coating, machining and additive manufacturing. |
| Copper & Conductive Alloys | C110-type ETP copper; oxygen-free high-conductivity copper; CuCrZr and related strengthened coppers; Cu-Ni; brasses; phosphor/aluminum bronzes and specialized contact alloys. | Electrical busbars, contacts and interconnects; Heat exchangers and high-flux thermal hardware | Casting, hot/cold working, drawing, extrusion, precipitation treatment, annealing, brazing/soldering, welding, electroplating and surface finishing. |
| Magnesium Alloys | AZ31-class wrought alloys; AZ91-class casting alloys; ZK-series; rare-earth-containing WE-series such as WE43-class systems; specialized heat-resistant and biomedical-research magnesium families. | Ultra-light housings and transportation structures; Cast gearboxes, frames and equipment enclosures | Die/sand/permanent-mold casting, extrusion, rolling, forging, heat treatment, machining, protective conversion/coating and controlled joining. |
| Refractory Metals | W and W alloys; Mo and TZM-type alloys; Ta and Ta alloys; Nb and Nb-based alloys including C-103-class aerospace systems; refractory-metal composites and dispersion-strengthened variants. | High-temperature furnaces and electrodes; Rocket/nozzle and hot-spacecraft components | Powder metallurgy, sintering, HIP, forging/rolling, electron-beam/vacuum melting, machining, welding/brazing and oxidation-protective coating systems. |
| Advanced / High-Entropy Alloys | CoCrFeMnNi-family FCC HEAs; refractory HEA families; Al-containing multiphase HEAs; medium-entropy alloys; compositionally complex and nanostructured/ODS-adjacent advanced alloy systems. | Advanced structural and extreme-environment research; Radiation-tolerant and energy-system candidates | Arc/induction/vacuum melting, powder metallurgy, mechanical alloying, additive manufacturing, homogenization, thermomechanical processing and controlled precipitation/annealing. |
Selected Metals Engineering Topics
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Joining & Welding
Weld metallurgy, HAZ state, filler selection and post-weld condition can dominate performance.
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Corrosion & Environmental Compatibility
Alloy selection must bind environment, finish, galvanic couples, stress and service temperature.
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Additive Metal Systems
Powder/feedstock state, build parameters, orientation, HIP/heat treatment and defect population become part of the material record.
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Surface Engineering
Coatings, conversion layers, nitriding, plating and tribological treatments are controlled interfaces, not cosmetic add-ons.
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